Family history of diabetes&Cardiovascular disease&Increased triglycerides levels&Low levels of good cholesterol (HDL)&Overweight or obesity&Elevated blood pressure[10]&Elevated fasting plasma glucose[10][11]&Women who have had gestational diabetes, had high birth weight babies (greater than 9 lbs.), and/or have polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)[12
These are associated with insulin resistance and are risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Those in this stratum (IGT or IFG) are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Of the two, impaired glucose tolerance better predicts cardiovascular disease and mortality.[13][14][15]
In a way, prediabetes is a misnomer since it is an early stage of diabetes. It now is known that the health complications associated with type 2 diabetes often occur before the medical diagnosis of diabetes is made.[16]
Genetics[edit] => Type 2 DM, which is the condition for which prediabetes is a precursor, has 90–100% concordance in twins; there is no HLA association.[17] Genetics play a relatively small role, however, in the widespread occurrence of type 2 diabetes.[medical citation needed] This may be deduced logically from the huge increase in the occurrence of type 2 diabetes that has correlated with the significant change in western lifestyle and diet.[17] As the human genome is further explored, it is possible that multiple genetic anomalies at different loci will be found that confer varying degrees of predisposition to type 2 diabetes.[18]
Usually, prediabetes is diagnosed with a blood test:[19]
Fasting blood sugar (glucose) level of: 110 to 125 mg/dL (6.1 mM/L to 6.9 mM/L) – WHO criteria 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 mM/L to 6.9 mM/L) – ADA criteria&110 to 125 mg/dL (6.1 mM/L to 6.9 mM/L) – WHO criteria&100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 mM/L to 6.9 mM/L) – ADA criteria&Two hour glucose tolerance test after ingesting the standardized 75 Gm glucose solution the blood sugar level of 140 to 199 mg/dL (7.8 to 11.0 mM) [20]&Glycated haemoglobin between 5.7 and 6.4 percent [21
Glycated hemoglobin is; however, of questionable accuracy and while fasting glucose can indicate the diagnosis when positive if it is negative it is not very accurate.[22] A 2016 review found worse outcomes when blood sugar levels were over 100 mg/dL and glycated haemoglobin over 5.7%.[23]
Levels above these limits would justify a diagnosis for diabetes.
Screening[edit] => Fasting plasma glucose screening should begin at age 30–45 and be repeated at least every three years. Earlier and more frequent screening should be conducted in at-risk individuals. The risk factors for which are listed below:
Family history (parent or sibling)&Dyslipidemia (triglycerides > 200 or HDL < 35)&Overweight or obesity (body mass index > 25)&History of gestational diabetes or infant born with birth weight greater than 9 lb (4 kg)&High risk ethnic group[vague]&Hypertension (systolic blood pressure >140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg)&Prior fasting blood glucose > 99&Known vascular disease&Markers of insulin resistance (PCOS, acanthosis nigricans)[24][25
Prediabetes typically has no distinct signs or symptoms except the sole sign of high blood sugar. Patients should monitor for signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus. These include the following:[8]
Constant hunger&Unexplained weight loss&Weight gain&Flu-like symptoms, including weakness and fatigue&Blurred vision&Slow healing of cuts or bruises&Tingling or loss of feeling in hands or feet&Recurring gum or skin infections&Recurring vaginal or bladder infections&A high BMI (Body Mass Index) result[9